This lab is a guest post from Jay Sahni.
This lab introduces the basic trends in acidity for predicting relative acidity of different molecules. This lab is designed for an introductory organic chemistry course, and expects firm understanding of organic chemistry nomenclature, functional groups, and equilibrium.
While there are three major theories that describe acids and bases, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory is most relevant when discussing the acids in this lab. In Brønsted-Lowry acid–base theory, an acid is defined as a donor of an H+ ion (a proton) while bases are defined as acceptors of an H+ ion.
Lets consider acetic acid in water:
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3COO–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
In this reaction, acetic acid acts as our Brønsted–Lowry acid while H2O acts as our base. Notably, the reverse reaction is also an acid–base reaction that's in equilibrium with the forward reaction:
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3COO–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
In this example, the acetate anion acts as a base while H3O+ acts as an acid. We call H3O+ the conjugate acid of H2O and acetate the conjugate base of acetic acid.
In order to quantitatively assess the "acidity" of a species, we use the equilibrium constant (Keq) of an acid's reaction with H2O. Since water has ≈55 moles/liter (at STP), any changes in the concentration of water are negligible when dealing with dilute solutions (e.g. < 1 molar), and it can thus be treated as a constant and absorbed into our Keq. This new value is called the Ka, or the acid dissociation constant.
Ka = [H3O+][A–] / [HA]
HA and A– represent our acid and its conjugate base, respectively.
While we could stop here and use Ka to quantify aqueous acidity, Ka values of different molecules can range from over 1,000 to less than 10–40! To avoid dealing with massive ranges in magnitudes, chemists created pKa: a negative log scale of Ka.
pKa = –log10(Ka)
Molecules are more acidic if they readily react with water to form their conjugate bases, and thus have low pKa values. Conversely, mildly acidic species have higher pKa values as they do not readily form their conjugate base in the presence of water.
Let's examine a basic comparison to illustrate this: acetic acid vs. ethanol.
As you can see from the calculations below, acetic acid's pKa is predicted to be over 10 units lower than ethanol. Undoing the logarithm, acetic acid is shown to be over 1010 times more acidic than ethanol.
While it's easy to memorize a trend, it's a lot harder to predict them based on theory. Answer the questions below to the best of your ability, and use them to guide your simulations in the next part.
Compare a generic alcohol (−OH) and a generic thiol (−SH). What is significantly different between Oxygen and Sulfur? Which would have the most stable conjugate base? How would this affect Ka?
What about a primary amine (R−NH2) vs a generic alcohol? What is different between the two and how would that influence their acidity?
Now think about a carboxylic acid (R−COOH) compared to our original alcohol? What is special about the conjugate base of a carboxylic acid vs. an alcohol?
Finally, how does adding fluorine groups to a carbon chain affect its electron density? If we add fluorine groups to an alcohol, how would that change the charge dispersion of its conjugate base? Would that increase or decrease its stability?
Now, lets use computation to help us understand the trends in pKa for 5 similar acids with a propane base structure: 1-propanol, 1-propanethiol, 1-aminopropane, propanoic acid, and 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propanol. Guess the pKa for each of the molecule, and then calculate the pKa of the molecules using the directions below. Did you predict the correct trends in acidity?
Molecule | Guess pKa | Calculated pKa |
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1-propanol | ||
1-propanethiol | ||
1-aminopropane | ||
propanoic acid | ||
3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propanol |
It's your turn now! Think of other functionalizations that can be made to propanol. Test how multiple different functional groups affect acidity of our base propanol, or try creating complex structures and seeing how the pKa changes for yourself. Write down a guess before running calculations and see if you can correctly predict the trends.
Note: multiple protonation sites may lead to incorrect predictions with the microscopic-pKa workflow due to incorrect modeling of tautomers (for those interested, check out the discussion on microscopic and macroscopic-pKa).
Molecule | Guess pKa | Calculated pKa |
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You are tasked with reducing the acidity of propanoic acid (i.e. increasing the pKa). Without removing any carbon or oxygen atoms from propanoic acid, discover two different ways you can make the molecule less acidic. Use Rowan to aid your discovery and to find the pKa values of your two new molecules.
Molecule | Calculated pKa |
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propanoic acid | |
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Which change (functionalization) achieves the greatest change in acidity, and why?